Fluid Properties for Pump Systems

Properties of Other Fluids

Degrees A.P.I. vs. Specific Gravity for Oil

Degrees API is a scale used to measure the relative density of petroleum liquids and oil compared to water, as established by the American Petroleum Institute (API). The scale is calibrated in degrees API, with larger values coresponding to a lower specific gravity. Light crudes generally exceed 38 degrees API and heavy crudes are commonly labeled as all crudes with an API gravity of 22 degrees or below. Intermediate crudes fall in the range of 22 degrees to 38 degrees API gravity.

The relation of Degrees A.P.I. to Specific Gravity (sg) is expressed by the following formula:

(Eq. 2.D.1) $$ {Degrees\,A.P.I. = {141.5 \over sg} - 131.5} $$

(Eq. 2.D.2) $$ {sg = {141.5 \over {131.5 + Degrees\,A.P.I.}}} $$

The following tables are based on the weight of 1 gallon (U.S.) of oil with a volume of 231 cubic inches at 60°F in air at 760 mmHg pressure and 50% humidity. Assumed weight of 1 gallon of water at 60°F in air is 8.32828 pounds.

To determine the resulting specific gravity by mixing oils of different specific gravities:

(Eq. 2.D.3) $$ {ρ = {{mρ_{1} + nρ_{2}} \over {m+n}}} $$

where:

ρ = density or specific gravity of mixture
m = proportion of oil of ρ₁ density
n = proportion of oil of ρ₂ density
ρ₁ = specific gravity of m oil
ρ₂ = specific gravity of n oil

Degrees A.P.I. vs. Specific Gravity

Degrees A.P.I.	Specific gravity at 60-60°F	Degrees A.P.I.	Specific gravity at 60-60°F	Degrees A.P.I.	Specific gravity at 60-60°F	Degrees A.P.I.	Specific gravity at 60-60°F	Degrees A.P.I.	Specific gravity at 60-60°F	Degrees A.P.I.	Specific gravity at 60-60°F	Degrees A.P.I.	Specific gravity at 60-60°F	Degrees A.P.I.	Specific gravity at 60-60°F
10	1	15	0.9659	20	0.934	25	0.9042	30	0.8762	35	0.8498	40	0.8251	45	0.8017
10.1	0.9993	15.1	0.9652	20.1	0.9334	25.1	0.9036	30.1	0.8756	35.1	0.8493	40.1	0.8246	45.1	0.8012
10.2	0.9986	15.2	0.9646	20.2	0.9328	25.2	0.903	30.2	0.8751	35.2	0.8488	40.2	0.8241	45.2	0.8008
10.3	0.9979	15.3	0.9639	20.3	0.9321	25.3	0.9024	30.3	0.8745	35.3	0.8483	40.3	0.8236	45.3	0.8003
10.4	0.9972	15.4	0.9632	20.4	0.9315	25.4	0.9018	30.4	0.874	35.4	0.8478	40.4	0.8232	45.4	0.7999
10.5	0.9965	15.5	0.9626	20.5	0.9309	25.5	0.9013	30.5	0.8735	35.5	0.8473	40.5	0.8227	45.5	0.7994
10.6	0.9958	15.6	0.9619	20.6	0.9303	25.6	0.9007	30.6	0.8729	35.6	0.8468	40.6	0.8222	45.6	0.799
10.7	0.9951	15.7	0.9613	20.7	0.9297	25.7	0.9001	30.7	0.8724	35.7	0.8463	40.7	0.8217	45.7	0.7985
10.8	0.9944	15.8	0.9606	20.8	0.9291	25.8	0.8996	30.8	0.8718	35.8	0.8458	40.8	0.8212	45.8	0.7981
10.9	0.9937	15.9	0.96	20.9	0.9285	25.9	0.899	30.9	0.8713	35.9	0.8453	40.9	0.8208	45.9	0.7976
11	0.993	16	0.9593	21	0.9279	26	0.8984	31	0.8708	36	0.8448	41	0.8203	46	0.7972
11.1	0.9923	16.1	0.9587	21.1	0.9273	26.1	0.8978	31.1	0.8702	36.1	0.8443	41.1	0.8198	46.1	0.7967
11.2	0.9916	16.2	0.958	21.2	0.9267	26.2	0.8973	31.2	0.8697	36.2	0.8438	41.2	0.8193	46.2	0.7963
11.3	0.9909	16.3	0.9574	21.3	0.926	26.3	0.8967	31.3	0.8692	36.3	0.8433	41.3	0.8189	46.3	0.7958
11.4	0.9902	16.4	0.9567	21.4	0.9254	26.4	0.8961	31.4	0.8686	36.4	0.8428	41.4	0.8184	46.4	0.7954
11.5	0.9895	16.5	0.9561	21.5	0.9248	26.5	0.8956	31.5	0.8681	36.5	0.8423	41.5	0.8179	46.5	0.7949
11.6	0.9888	16.6	0.9554	21.6	0.9242	26.6	0.895	31.6	0.8676	36.6	0.8418	41.6	0.8174	46.6	0.7945
11.7	0.9881	16.7	0.9548	21.7	0.9236	26.7	0.8944	31.7	0.867	36.7	0.8413	41.7	0.817	46.7	0.7941
11.8	0.9874	16.8	0.9541	21.8	0.923	26.8	0.8939	31.8	0.8665	36.8	0.8408	41.8	0.8165	46.8	0.7936
11.9	0.9868	16.9	0.9535	21.9	0.9224	26.9	0.8933	31.9	0.866	36.9	0.8403	41.9	0.816	46.9	0.7932
12	0.9861	17	0.9529	22	0.9218	27	0.8927	32	0.8654	37	0.8398	42	0.8156	47	0.7927
12.1	0.9854	17.1	0.9522	22.1	0.9212	27.1	0.8922	32.1	0.8649	37.1	0.8393	42.1	0.8151	47.1	0.7923
12.2	0.9847	17.2	0.9516	22.2	0.9206	27.2	0.8916	32.2	0.8644	37.2	0.8388	42.2	0.8146	47.2	0.7918
12.3	0.984	17.3	0.9509	22.3	0.92	27.3	0.8911	32.3	0.8639	37.3	0.8383	42.3	0.8142	47.3	0.7914
12.4	0.9833	17.4	0.9503	22.4	0.9194	27.4	0.8905	32.4	0.8633	37.4	0.8378	42.4	0.8137	47.4	0.7909
12.5	0.9826	17.5	0.9497	22.5	0.9188	27.5	0.8899	32.5	0.8628	37.5	0.8373	42.5	0.8132	47.5	0.7905
12.6	0.982	17.6	0.949	22.6	0.9182	27.6	0.8894	32.6	0.8623	37.6	0.8368	42.6	0.8128	47.6	0.7901
12.7	0.9813	17.7	0.9484	22.7	0.9176	27.7	0.8888	32.7	0.8618	37.7	0.8363	42.7	0.8123	47.7	0.7896
12.8	0.9806	17.8	0.9478	22.8	0.917	27.8	0.8883	32.8	0.8612	37.8	0.8358	42.8	0.8118	47.8	0.7892
12.9	0.9799	17.9	0.9471	22.9	0.9165	27.9	0.8877	32.9	0.8607	37.9	0.8353	42.9	0.8114	47.9	0.7887
13	0.9792	18	0.9465	23	0.9159	28	0.8871	33	0.8602	38	0.8348	43	0.8109	48	0.7883
13.1	0.9786	18.1	0.9459	23.1	0.9153	28.1	0.8866	33.1	0.8597	38.1	0.8343	43.1	0.8104	48.1	0.7879
13.2	0.9779	18.2	0.9452	23.2	0.9147	28.2	0.886	33.2	0.8591	38.2	0.8338	43.2	0.81	48.2	0.7874
13.3	0.9772	18.3	0.9446	23.3	0.9141	28.3	0.8855	33.3	0.8586	38.3	0.8333	43.3	0.8095	48.3	0.787
13.4	0.9765	18.4	0.944	23.4	0.9135	28.4	0.8849	33.4	0.8581	38.4	0.8328	43.4	0.809	48.4	0.7865
13.5	0.9759	18.5	0.9433	23.5	0.9129	28.5	0.8844	33.5	0.8576	38.5	0.8324	43.5	0.8086	48.5	0.7861
13.6	0.9752	18.6	0.9427	23.6	0.9123	28.6	0.8838	33.6	0.8571	38.6	0.8319	43.6	0.8081	48.6	0.7857
13.7	0.9745	18.7	0.9421	23.7	0.9117	28.7	0.8833	33.7	0.8565	38.7	0.8314	43.7	0.8076	48.7	0.7852
13.8	0.9738	18.8	0.9415	23.8	0.9111	28.8	0.8827	33.8	0.856	38.8	0.8309	43.8	0.8072	48.8	0.7848
13.9	0.9732	18.9	0.9408	23.9	0.9106	28.9	0.8822	33.9	0.8555	38.9	0.8304	43.9	0.8067	48.9	0.7844
14	0.9725	19	0.9402	24	0.91	29	0.8816	34	0.855	39	0.8299	44	0.8063	49	0.7839
14.1	0.9718	19.1	0.9396	24.1	0.9094	29.1	0.8811	34.1	0.8545	39.1	0.8294	44.1	0.8058	49.1	0.7835
14.2	0.9712	19.2	0.939	24.2	0.9088	29.2	0.8805	34.2	0.854	39.2	0.8289	44.2	0.8054	49.2	0.7831
14.3	0.9705	19.3	0.9383	24.3	0.9082	29.3	0.88	34.3	0.8534	39.3	0.8285	44.3	0.8049	49.3	0.7826
14.4	0.9698	19.4	0.9377	24.4	0.9076	29.4	0.8794	34.4	0.8529	39.4	0.828	44.4	0.8044	49.4	0.7822
14.5	0.9692	19.5	0.9371	24.5	0.9071	29.5	0.8789	34.5	0.8524	39.5	0.8275	44.5	0.804	49.5	0.7818
14.6	0.9685	19.6	0.9365	24.6	0.9065	29.6	0.8783	34.6	0.8519	39.6	0.827	44.6	0.8035	49.6	0.7813
14.7	0.9679	19.7	0.9358	24.7	0.9059	29.7	0.8778	34.7	0.8514	39.7	0.8265	44.7	0.8031	49.7	0.7809
14.8	0.9672	19.8	0.9352	24.8	0.9053	29.8	0.8772	34.8	0.8509	39.8	0.826	44.8	0.8026	49.8	0.7805
14.9	0.9665	19.9	0.9346	24.9	0.9047	29.9	0.8767	34.9	0.8504	39.9	0.8256	44.9	0.8022	49.9	0.78

Degrees A.P.I.	Specific gravity at 60-60°F	Degrees A.P.I.	Specific gravity at 60-60°F	Degrees A.P.I.	Specific gravity at 60-60°F	Degrees A.P.I.	Specific gravity at 60-60°F	Degrees A.P.I.	Specific gravity at 60-60°F	Degrees A.P.I.	Specific gravity at 60-60°F	Degrees A.P.I.	Specific gravity at 60-60°F	Degrees A.P.I.	Specific gravity at 60-60°F
10	1	15	0.9659	20	0.934	25	0.9042	30	0.8762	35	0.8498	40	0.8251	45	0.8017
10.1	0.9993	15.1	0.9652	20.1	0.9334	25.1	0.9036	30.1	0.8756	35.1	0.8493	40.1	0.8246	45.1	0.8012
10.2	0.9986	15.2	0.9646	20.2	0.9328	25.2	0.903	30.2	0.8751	35.2	0.8488	40.2	0.8241	45.2	0.8008
10.3	0.9979	15.3	0.9639	20.3	0.9321	25.3	0.9024	30.3	0.8745	35.3	0.8483	40.3	0.8236	45.3	0.8003
10.4	0.9972	15.4	0.9632	20.4	0.9315	25.4	0.9018	30.4	0.874	35.4	0.8478	40.4	0.8232	45.4	0.7999
10.5	0.9965	15.5	0.9626	20.5	0.9309	25.5	0.9013	30.5	0.8735	35.5	0.8473	40.5	0.8227	45.5	0.7994
10.6	0.9958	15.6	0.9619	20.6	0.9303	25.6	0.9007	30.6	0.8729	35.6	0.8468	40.6	0.8222	45.6	0.799
10.7	0.9951	15.7	0.9613	20.7	0.9297	25.7	0.9001	30.7	0.8724	35.7	0.8463	40.7	0.8217	45.7	0.7985
10.8	0.9944	15.8	0.9606	20.8	0.9291	25.8	0.8996	30.8	0.8718	35.8	0.8458	40.8	0.8212	45.8	0.7981
10.9	0.9937	15.9	0.96	20.9	0.9285	25.9	0.899	30.9	0.8713	35.9	0.8453	40.9	0.8208	45.9	0.7976
11	0.993	16	0.9593	21	0.9279	26	0.8984	31	0.8708	36	0.8448	41	0.8203	46	0.7972
11.1	0.9923	16.1	0.9587	21.1	0.9273	26.1	0.8978	31.1	0.8702	36.1	0.8443	41.1	0.8198	46.1	0.7967
11.2	0.9916	16.2	0.958	21.2	0.9267	26.2	0.8973	31.2	0.8697	36.2	0.8438	41.2	0.8193	46.2	0.7963
11.3	0.9909	16.3	0.9574	21.3	0.926	26.3	0.8967	31.3	0.8692	36.3	0.8433	41.3	0.8189	46.3	0.7958
11.4	0.9902	16.4	0.9567	21.4	0.9254	26.4	0.8961	31.4	0.8686	36.4	0.8428	41.4	0.8184	46.4	0.7954
11.5	0.9895	16.5	0.9561	21.5	0.9248	26.5	0.8956	31.5	0.8681	36.5	0.8423	41.5	0.8179	46.5	0.7949
11.6	0.9888	16.6	0.9554	21.6	0.9242	26.6	0.895	31.6	0.8676	36.6	0.8418	41.6	0.8174	46.6	0.7945
11.7	0.9881	16.7	0.9548	21.7	0.9236	26.7	0.8944	31.7	0.867	36.7	0.8413	41.7	0.817	46.7	0.7941
11.8	0.9874	16.8	0.9541	21.8	0.923	26.8	0.8939	31.8	0.8665	36.8	0.8408	41.8	0.8165	46.8	0.7936
11.9	0.9868	16.9	0.9535	21.9	0.9224	26.9	0.8933	31.9	0.866	36.9	0.8403	41.9	0.816	46.9	0.7932
12	0.9861	17	0.9529	22	0.9218	27	0.8927	32	0.8654	37	0.8398	42	0.8156	47	0.7927
12.1	0.9854	17.1	0.9522	22.1	0.9212	27.1	0.8922	32.1	0.8649	37.1	0.8393	42.1	0.8151	47.1	0.7923
12.2	0.9847	17.2	0.9516	22.2	0.9206	27.2	0.8916	32.2	0.8644	37.2	0.8388	42.2	0.8146	47.2	0.7918
12.3	0.984	17.3	0.9509	22.3	0.92	27.3	0.8911	32.3	0.8639	37.3	0.8383	42.3	0.8142	47.3	0.7914
12.4	0.9833	17.4	0.9503	22.4	0.9194	27.4	0.8905	32.4	0.8633	37.4	0.8378	42.4	0.8137	47.4	0.7909
12.5	0.9826	17.5	0.9497	22.5	0.9188	27.5	0.8899	32.5	0.8628	37.5	0.8373	42.5	0.8132	47.5	0.7905
12.6	0.982	17.6	0.949	22.6	0.9182	27.6	0.8894	32.6	0.8623	37.6	0.8368	42.6	0.8128	47.6	0.7901
12.7	0.9813	17.7	0.9484	22.7	0.9176	27.7	0.8888	32.7	0.8618	37.7	0.8363	42.7	0.8123	47.7	0.7896
12.8	0.9806	17.8	0.9478	22.8	0.917	27.8	0.8883	32.8	0.8612	37.8	0.8358	42.8	0.8118	47.8	0.7892
12.9	0.9799	17.9	0.9471	22.9	0.9165	27.9	0.8877	32.9	0.8607	37.9	0.8353	42.9	0.8114	47.9	0.7887
13	0.9792	18	0.9465	23	0.9159	28	0.8871	33	0.8602	38	0.8348	43	0.8109	48	0.7883
13.1	0.9786	18.1	0.9459	23.1	0.9153	28.1	0.8866	33.1	0.8597	38.1	0.8343	43.1	0.8104	48.1	0.7879
13.2	0.9779	18.2	0.9452	23.2	0.9147	28.2	0.886	33.2	0.8591	38.2	0.8338	43.2	0.81	48.2	0.7874
13.3	0.9772	18.3	0.9446	23.3	0.9141	28.3	0.8855	33.3	0.8586	38.3	0.8333	43.3	0.8095	48.3	0.787
13.4	0.9765	18.4	0.944	23.4	0.9135	28.4	0.8849	33.4	0.8581	38.4	0.8328	43.4	0.809	48.4	0.7865
13.5	0.9759	18.5	0.9433	23.5	0.9129	28.5	0.8844	33.5	0.8576	38.5	0.8324	43.5	0.8086	48.5	0.7861
13.6	0.9752	18.6	0.9427	23.6	0.9123	28.6	0.8838	33.6	0.8571	38.6	0.8319	43.6	0.8081	48.6	0.7857
13.7	0.9745	18.7	0.9421	23.7	0.9117	28.7	0.8833	33.7	0.8565	38.7	0.8314	43.7	0.8076	48.7	0.7852
13.8	0.9738	18.8	0.9415	23.8	0.9111	28.8	0.8827	33.8	0.856	38.8	0.8309	43.8	0.8072	48.8	0.7848
13.9	0.9732	18.9	0.9408	23.9	0.9106	28.9	0.8822	33.9	0.8555	38.9	0.8304	43.9	0.8067	48.9	0.7844
14	0.9725	19	0.9402	24	0.91	29	0.8816	34	0.855	39	0.8299	44	0.8063	49	0.7839
14.1	0.9718	19.1	0.9396	24.1	0.9094	29.1	0.8811	34.1	0.8545	39.1	0.8294	44.1	0.8058	49.1	0.7835
14.2	0.9712	19.2	0.939	24.2	0.9088	29.2	0.8805	34.2	0.854	39.2	0.8289	44.2	0.8054	49.2	0.7831
14.3	0.9705	19.3	0.9383	24.3	0.9082	29.3	0.88	34.3	0.8534	39.3	0.8285	44.3	0.8049	49.3	0.7826
14.4	0.9698	19.4	0.9377	24.4	0.9076	29.4	0.8794	34.4	0.8529	39.4	0.828	44.4	0.8044	49.4	0.7822
14.5	0.9692	19.5	0.9371	24.5	0.9071	29.5	0.8789	34.5	0.8524	39.5	0.8275	44.5	0.804	49.5	0.7818
14.6	0.9685	19.6	0.9365	24.6	0.9065	29.6	0.8783	34.6	0.8519	39.6	0.827	44.6	0.8035	49.6	0.7813
14.7	0.9679	19.7	0.9358	24.7	0.9059	29.7	0.8778	34.7	0.8514	39.7	0.8265	44.7	0.8031	49.7	0.7809
14.8	0.9672	19.8	0.9352	24.8	0.9053	29.8	0.8772	34.8	0.8509	39.8	0.826	44.8	0.8026	49.8	0.7805
14.9	0.9665	19.9	0.9346	24.9	0.9047	29.9	0.8767	34.9	0.8504	39.9	0.8256	44.9	0.8022	49.9	0.78

Tbl. 2.D.1

Degrees A.P.I.	Specific gravity at 60-60°F	Degrees A.P.I.	Specific gravity at 60-60°F	Degrees A.P.I.	Specific gravity at 60-60°F	Degrees A.P.I.	Specific gravity at 60-60°F	Degrees A.P.I.	Specific gravity at 60-60°F	Degrees A.P.I.	Specific gravity at 60-60°F	Degrees A.P.I.	Specific gravity at 60-60°F	Degrees A.P.I.	Specific gravity at 60-60°F
50	0.7796	56.5	0.7527	63	0.7275	69.5	0.704	76	0.6819	82.5	0.6612	89	0.6417	95.5	0.6233
50.1	0.7792	56.6	0.7523	63.1	0.7271	69.6	0.7036	76.1	0.6816	82.6	0.6609	89.1	0.6414	95.6	0.6231
50.2	0.7788	56.7	0.7519	63.2	0.7268	69.7	0.7033	76.2	0.6813	82.7	0.6606	89.2	0.6411	95.7	0.6228
50.3	0.7783	56.8	0.7515	63.3	0.7264	69.8	0.7029	76.3	0.6809	82.8	0.6603	89.3	0.6409	95.8	0.6225
50.4	0.7779	56.9	0.7511	63.4	0.726	69.9	0.7026	76.4	0.6806	82.9	0.66	89.4	0.6406	95.9	0.6223
50.5	0.7775	57	0.7507	63.5	0.7256	70	0.7022	76.5	0.6803	83	0.6597	89.5	0.6403	96	0.622
50.6	0.777	57.1	0.7503	63.6	0.7253	70.1	0.7019	76.6	0.68	83.1	0.6594	89.6	0.64	96.1	0.6217
50.7	0.7766	57.2	0.7499	63.7	0.7249	70.2	0.7015	76.7	0.6796	83.2	0.6591	89.7	0.6397	96.2	0.6214
50.8	0.7762	57.3	0.7495	63.8	0.7245	70.3	0.7012	76.8	0.6793	83.3	0.6588	89.8	0.6394	96.3	0.6212
50.9	0.7758	57.4	0.7491	63.9	0.7242	70.4	0.7008	76.9	0.679	83.4	0.6584	89.9	0.6391	96.4	0.6209
51	0.7753	57.5	0.7487	64	0.7238	70.5	0.7005	77	0.6787	83.5	0.6581	90	0.6388	96.5	0.6206
51.1	0.7749	57.6	0.7483	64.1	0.7234	70.6	0.7001	77.1	0.6783	83.6	0.6578	90.1	0.6385	96.6	0.6203
51.2	0.7745	57.7	0.7479	64.2	0.723	70.7	0.6998	77.2	0.678	83.7	0.6575	90.2	0.6382	96.7	0.6201
51.3	0.7741	57.8	0.7475	64.3	0.7227	70.8	0.6995	77.3	0.6777	83.8	0.6572	90.3	0.638	96.8	0.6198
51.4	0.7736	57.9	0.7471	64.4	0.7223	70.9	0.6991	77.4	0.6774	83.9	0.6569	90.4	0.6377	96.9	0.6195
51.5	0.7732	58	0.7467	64.5	0.7219	71	0.6988	77.5	0.677	84	0.6566	90.5	0.6374	97	0.6193
51.6	0.7728	58.1	0.7463	64.6	0.7216	71.1	0.6984	77.6	0.6767	84.1	0.6563	90.6	0.6371	97.1	0.619
51.7	0.7724	58.2	0.7459	64.7	0.7212	71.2	0.6981	77.7	0.6764	84.2	0.656	90.7	0.6368	97.2	0.6187
51.8	0.772	58.3	0.7455	64.8	0.7208	71.3	0.6977	77.8	0.6761	84.3	0.6557	90.8	0.6365	97.3	0.6184
51.9	0.7715	58.4	0.7451	64.9	0.7205	71.4	0.6974	77.9	0.6757	84.4	0.6554	90.9	0.6362	97.4	0.6182
52	0.7711	58.5	0.7447	65	0.7201	71.5	0.697	78	0.6754	84.5	0.6551	91	0.636	97.5	0.6179
52.1	0.7707	58.6	0.7443	65.1	0.7197	71.6	0.6967	78.1	0.6751	84.6	0.6548	91.1	0.6357	97.6	0.6176
52.2	0.7703	58.7	0.744	65.2	0.7194	71.7	0.6964	78.2	0.6748	84.7	0.6545	91.2	0.6354	97.7	0.6174
52.3	0.7699	58.8	0.7436	65.3	0.719	71.8	0.696	78.3	0.6745	84.8	0.6542	91.3	0.6351	97.8	0.6171
52.4	0.7694	58.9	0.7432	65.4	0.7186	71.9	0.6957	78.4	0.6741	84.9	0.6539	91.4	0.6348	97.9	0.6168
52.5	0.769	59	0.7428	65.5	0.7183	72	0.6953	78.5	0.6738	85	0.6536	91.5	0.6345	98	0.6166
52.6	0.7686	59.1	0.7424	65.6	0.7179	72.1	0.695	78.6	0.6735	85.1	0.6533	91.6	0.6342	98.1	0.6163
52.7	0.7682	59.2	0.742	65.7	0.7175	72.2	0.6946	78.7	0.6732	85.2	0.653	91.7	0.634	98.2	0.616
52.8	0.7678	59.3	0.7416	65.8	0.7172	72.3	0.6943	78.8	0.6728	85.3	0.6527	91.8	0.6337	98.3	0.6158
52.9	0.7674	59.4	0.7412	65.9	0.7168	72.4	0.694	78.9	0.6725	85.4	0.6524	91.9	0.6334	98.4	0.6155
53	0.7669	59.5	0.7408	66	0.7165	72.5	0.6936	79	0.6722	85.5	0.6521	92	0.6331	98.5	0.6152
53.1	0.7665	59.6	0.7405	66.1	0.7161	72.6	0.6933	79.1	0.6719	85.6	0.6518	92.1	0.6328	98.6	0.615
53.2	0.7661	59.7	0.7401	66.2	0.7157	72.7	0.6929	79.2	0.6716	85.7	0.6515	92.2	0.6325	98.7	0.6147
53.3	0.7657	59.8	0.7397	66.3	0.7154	72.8	0.6926	79.3	0.6713	85.8	0.6512	92.3	0.6323	98.8	0.6144
53.4	0.7653	59.9	0.7393	66.4	0.715	72.9	0.6923	79.4	0.6709	85.9	0.6509	92.4	0.632	98.9	0.6141
53.5	0.7649	60	0.7389	66.5	0.7146	73	0.6919	79.5	0.6706	86	0.6506	92.5	0.6317	99	0.6139
53.6	0.7645	60.1	0.7385	66.6	0.7143	73.1	0.6916	79.6	0.6703	86.1	0.6503	92.6	0.6314	99.1	0.6136
53.7	0.764	60.2	0.7381	66.7	0.7139	73.2	0.6913	79.7	0.67	86.2	0.65	92.7	0.6311	99.2	0.6134
53.8	0.7636	60.3	0.7377	66.8	0.7136	73.3	0.6909	79.8	0.6697	86.3	0.6497	92.8	0.6309	99.3	0.6131
53.9	0.7632	60.4	0.7374	66.9	0.7132	73.4	0.6906	79.9	0.6693	86.4	0.6494	92.9	0.6306	99.4	0.6128
54	0.7628	60.5	0.737	67	0.7128	73.5	0.6902	80	0.669	86.5	0.6491	93	0.6303	99.5	0.6126
54.1	0.7624	60.6	0.7366	67.1	0.7125	73.6	0.6899	80.1	0.6687	86.6	0.6488	93.1	0.63	99.6	0.6123
54.2	0.762	60.7	0.7362	67.2	0.7121	73.7	0.6896	80.2	0.6684	86.7	0.6485	93.2	0.6297	99.7	0.612
54.3	0.7616	60.8	0.7358	67.3	0.7118	73.8	0.6892	80.3	0.6681	86.8	0.6482	93.3	0.6294	99.8	0.6118
54.4	0.7612	60.9	0.7354	67.4	0.7114	73.9	0.6889	80.4	0.6678	86.9	0.6479	93.4	0.6292	99.9	0.6115
54.5	0.7608	61	0.7351	67.5	0.7111	74	0.6886	80.5	0.6675	87	0.6476	93.5	0.6289	100	0.6112
54.6	0.7603	61.1	0.7347	67.6	0.7107	74.1	0.6882	80.6	0.6671	87.1	0.6473	93.6	0.6286
54.7	0.7599	61.2	0.7343	67.7	0.7103	74.2	0.6879	80.7	0.6668	87.2	0.647	93.7	0.6283
54.8	0.7595	61.3	0.7339	67.8	0.71	74.3	0.6876	80.8	0.6665	87.3	0.6467	93.8	0.6281
54.9	0.7591	61.4	0.7335	67.9	0.7096	74.4	0.6872	80.9	0.6662	87.4	0.6464	93.9	0.6278
55.0.0	0.7587	61.5	0.7332	68	0.7093	74.5	0.6869	81	0.6659	87.5	0.6461	94	0.6275
55.1	0.7583	61.6	0.7328	68.1	0.7089	74.6	0.6866	81.1	0.6656	87.6	0.6458	94.1	0.6272
55.2	0.7579	61.7	0.7324	68.2	0.7086	74.7	0.6862	81.2	0.6653	87.7	0.6455	94.2	0.6269
55.3	0.7575	61.8	0.732	68.3	0.7082	74.8	0.6859	81.3	0.6649	87.8	0.6452	94.3	0.6267
55.4	0.7571	61.9	0.7316	68.4	0.7079	74.9	0.6856	81.4	0.6646	87.9	0.6449	94.4	0.6264
55.5	0.7567	62	0.7313	68.5	0.7075	75	0.6852	81.5	0.6643	88	0.6446	94.5	0.6261
55.6	0.7563	62.1	0.7309	68.6	0.7071	75.1	0.6849	81.6	0.664	88.1	0.6444	94.6	0.6258
55.7	0.7559	62.2	0.7305	68.7	0.7068	75.2	0.6846	81.7	0.6637	88.2	0.6441	94.7	0.6256
55.8	0.7555	62.3	0.7301	68.8	0.7064	75.3	0.6842	81.8	0.6634	88.3	0.6438	94.8	0.6253
55.9	0.7551	62.4	0.7298	68.9	0.7061	75.4	0.6839	81.9	0.6631	88.4	0.6435	94.9	0.625
56	0.7547	62.5	0.7294	69	0.7057	75.5	0.6836	82	0.6628	88.5	0.6432	95	0.6247
56.1	0.7543	62.6	0.729	69.1	0.7054	75.6	0.6832	82.1	0.6625	88.6	0.6429	95.1	0.6244
56.2	0.7539	62.7	0.7286	69.2	0.705	75.7	0.6829	82.2	0.6621	88.7	0.6426	95.2	0.6242
56.3	0.7535	62.8	0.7283	69.3	0.7047	75.8	0.6826	82.3	0.6618	88.8	0.6423	95.3	0.6239
56.4	0.7531	62.9	0.7279	69.4	0.7043	75.9	0.6823	82.4	0.6615	88.9	0.642	95.4	0.6236

Degrees A.P.I.	Specific gravity at 60-60°F	Degrees A.P.I.	Specific gravity at 60-60°F	Degrees A.P.I.	Specific gravity at 60-60°F	Degrees A.P.I.	Specific gravity at 60-60°F	Degrees A.P.I.	Specific gravity at 60-60°F	Degrees A.P.I.	Specific gravity at 60-60°F	Degrees A.P.I.	Specific gravity at 60-60°F	Degrees A.P.I.	Specific gravity at 60-60°F
50	0.7796	56.5	0.7527	63	0.7275	69.5	0.704	76	0.6819	82.5	0.6612	89	0.6417	95.5	0.6233
50.1	0.7792	56.6	0.7523	63.1	0.7271	69.6	0.7036	76.1	0.6816	82.6	0.6609	89.1	0.6414	95.6	0.6231
50.2	0.7788	56.7	0.7519	63.2	0.7268	69.7	0.7033	76.2	0.6813	82.7	0.6606	89.2	0.6411	95.7	0.6228
50.3	0.7783	56.8	0.7515	63.3	0.7264	69.8	0.7029	76.3	0.6809	82.8	0.6603	89.3	0.6409	95.8	0.6225
50.4	0.7779	56.9	0.7511	63.4	0.726	69.9	0.7026	76.4	0.6806	82.9	0.66	89.4	0.6406	95.9	0.6223
50.5	0.7775	57	0.7507	63.5	0.7256	70	0.7022	76.5	0.6803	83	0.6597	89.5	0.6403	96	0.622
50.6	0.777	57.1	0.7503	63.6	0.7253	70.1	0.7019	76.6	0.68	83.1	0.6594	89.6	0.64	96.1	0.6217
50.7	0.7766	57.2	0.7499	63.7	0.7249	70.2	0.7015	76.7	0.6796	83.2	0.6591	89.7	0.6397	96.2	0.6214
50.8	0.7762	57.3	0.7495	63.8	0.7245	70.3	0.7012	76.8	0.6793	83.3	0.6588	89.8	0.6394	96.3	0.6212
50.9	0.7758	57.4	0.7491	63.9	0.7242	70.4	0.7008	76.9	0.679	83.4	0.6584	89.9	0.6391	96.4	0.6209
51	0.7753	57.5	0.7487	64	0.7238	70.5	0.7005	77	0.6787	83.5	0.6581	90	0.6388	96.5	0.6206
51.1	0.7749	57.6	0.7483	64.1	0.7234	70.6	0.7001	77.1	0.6783	83.6	0.6578	90.1	0.6385	96.6	0.6203
51.2	0.7745	57.7	0.7479	64.2	0.723	70.7	0.6998	77.2	0.678	83.7	0.6575	90.2	0.6382	96.7	0.6201
51.3	0.7741	57.8	0.7475	64.3	0.7227	70.8	0.6995	77.3	0.6777	83.8	0.6572	90.3	0.638	96.8	0.6198
51.4	0.7736	57.9	0.7471	64.4	0.7223	70.9	0.6991	77.4	0.6774	83.9	0.6569	90.4	0.6377	96.9	0.6195
51.5	0.7732	58	0.7467	64.5	0.7219	71	0.6988	77.5	0.677	84	0.6566	90.5	0.6374	97	0.6193
51.6	0.7728	58.1	0.7463	64.6	0.7216	71.1	0.6984	77.6	0.6767	84.1	0.6563	90.6	0.6371	97.1	0.619
51.7	0.7724	58.2	0.7459	64.7	0.7212	71.2	0.6981	77.7	0.6764	84.2	0.656	90.7	0.6368	97.2	0.6187
51.8	0.772	58.3	0.7455	64.8	0.7208	71.3	0.6977	77.8	0.6761	84.3	0.6557	90.8	0.6365	97.3	0.6184
51.9	0.7715	58.4	0.7451	64.9	0.7205	71.4	0.6974	77.9	0.6757	84.4	0.6554	90.9	0.6362	97.4	0.6182
52	0.7711	58.5	0.7447	65	0.7201	71.5	0.697	78	0.6754	84.5	0.6551	91	0.636	97.5	0.6179
52.1	0.7707	58.6	0.7443	65.1	0.7197	71.6	0.6967	78.1	0.6751	84.6	0.6548	91.1	0.6357	97.6	0.6176
52.2	0.7703	58.7	0.744	65.2	0.7194	71.7	0.6964	78.2	0.6748	84.7	0.6545	91.2	0.6354	97.7	0.6174
52.3	0.7699	58.8	0.7436	65.3	0.719	71.8	0.696	78.3	0.6745	84.8	0.6542	91.3	0.6351	97.8	0.6171
52.4	0.7694	58.9	0.7432	65.4	0.7186	71.9	0.6957	78.4	0.6741	84.9	0.6539	91.4	0.6348	97.9	0.6168
52.5	0.769	59	0.7428	65.5	0.7183	72	0.6953	78.5	0.6738	85	0.6536	91.5	0.6345	98	0.6166
52.6	0.7686	59.1	0.7424	65.6	0.7179	72.1	0.695	78.6	0.6735	85.1	0.6533	91.6	0.6342	98.1	0.6163
52.7	0.7682	59.2	0.742	65.7	0.7175	72.2	0.6946	78.7	0.6732	85.2	0.653	91.7	0.634	98.2	0.616
52.8	0.7678	59.3	0.7416	65.8	0.7172	72.3	0.6943	78.8	0.6728	85.3	0.6527	91.8	0.6337	98.3	0.6158
52.9	0.7674	59.4	0.7412	65.9	0.7168	72.4	0.694	78.9	0.6725	85.4	0.6524	91.9	0.6334	98.4	0.6155
53	0.7669	59.5	0.7408	66	0.7165	72.5	0.6936	79	0.6722	85.5	0.6521	92	0.6331	98.5	0.6152
53.1	0.7665	59.6	0.7405	66.1	0.7161	72.6	0.6933	79.1	0.6719	85.6	0.6518	92.1	0.6328	98.6	0.615
53.2	0.7661	59.7	0.7401	66.2	0.7157	72.7	0.6929	79.2	0.6716	85.7	0.6515	92.2	0.6325	98.7	0.6147
53.3	0.7657	59.8	0.7397	66.3	0.7154	72.8	0.6926	79.3	0.6713	85.8	0.6512	92.3	0.6323	98.8	0.6144
53.4	0.7653	59.9	0.7393	66.4	0.715	72.9	0.6923	79.4	0.6709	85.9	0.6509	92.4	0.632	98.9	0.6141
53.5	0.7649	60	0.7389	66.5	0.7146	73	0.6919	79.5	0.6706	86	0.6506	92.5	0.6317	99	0.6139
53.6	0.7645	60.1	0.7385	66.6	0.7143	73.1	0.6916	79.6	0.6703	86.1	0.6503	92.6	0.6314	99.1	0.6136
53.7	0.764	60.2	0.7381	66.7	0.7139	73.2	0.6913	79.7	0.67	86.2	0.65	92.7	0.6311	99.2	0.6134
53.8	0.7636	60.3	0.7377	66.8	0.7136	73.3	0.6909	79.8	0.6697	86.3	0.6497	92.8	0.6309	99.3	0.6131
53.9	0.7632	60.4	0.7374	66.9	0.7132	73.4	0.6906	79.9	0.6693	86.4	0.6494	92.9	0.6306	99.4	0.6128
54	0.7628	60.5	0.737	67	0.7128	73.5	0.6902	80	0.669	86.5	0.6491	93	0.6303	99.5	0.6126
54.1	0.7624	60.6	0.7366	67.1	0.7125	73.6	0.6899	80.1	0.6687	86.6	0.6488	93.1	0.63	99.6	0.6123
54.2	0.762	60.7	0.7362	67.2	0.7121	73.7	0.6896	80.2	0.6684	86.7	0.6485	93.2	0.6297	99.7	0.612
54.3	0.7616	60.8	0.7358	67.3	0.7118	73.8	0.6892	80.3	0.6681	86.8	0.6482	93.3	0.6294	99.8	0.6118
54.4	0.7612	60.9	0.7354	67.4	0.7114	73.9	0.6889	80.4	0.6678	86.9	0.6479	93.4	0.6292	99.9	0.6115
54.5	0.7608	61	0.7351	67.5	0.7111	74	0.6886	80.5	0.6675	87	0.6476	93.5	0.6289	100	0.6112
54.6	0.7603	61.1	0.7347	67.6	0.7107	74.1	0.6882	80.6	0.6671	87.1	0.6473	93.6	0.6286
54.7	0.7599	61.2	0.7343	67.7	0.7103	74.2	0.6879	80.7	0.6668	87.2	0.647	93.7	0.6283
54.8	0.7595	61.3	0.7339	67.8	0.71	74.3	0.6876	80.8	0.6665	87.3	0.6467	93.8	0.6281
54.9	0.7591	61.4	0.7335	67.9	0.7096	74.4	0.6872	80.9	0.6662	87.4	0.6464	93.9	0.6278
55.0.0	0.7587	61.5	0.7332	68	0.7093	74.5	0.6869	81	0.6659	87.5	0.6461	94	0.6275
55.1	0.7583	61.6	0.7328	68.1	0.7089	74.6	0.6866	81.1	0.6656	87.6	0.6458	94.1	0.6272
55.2	0.7579	61.7	0.7324	68.2	0.7086	74.7	0.6862	81.2	0.6653	87.7	0.6455	94.2	0.6269
55.3	0.7575	61.8	0.732	68.3	0.7082	74.8	0.6859	81.3	0.6649	87.8	0.6452	94.3	0.6267
55.4	0.7571	61.9	0.7316	68.4	0.7079	74.9	0.6856	81.4	0.6646	87.9	0.6449	94.4	0.6264
55.5	0.7567	62	0.7313	68.5	0.7075	75	0.6852	81.5	0.6643	88	0.6446	94.5	0.6261
55.6	0.7563	62.1	0.7309	68.6	0.7071	75.1	0.6849	81.6	0.664	88.1	0.6444	94.6	0.6258
55.7	0.7559	62.2	0.7305	68.7	0.7068	75.2	0.6846	81.7	0.6637	88.2	0.6441	94.7	0.6256
55.8	0.7555	62.3	0.7301	68.8	0.7064	75.3	0.6842	81.8	0.6634	88.3	0.6438	94.8	0.6253
55.9	0.7551	62.4	0.7298	68.9	0.7061	75.4	0.6839	81.9	0.6631	88.4	0.6435	94.9	0.625
56	0.7547	62.5	0.7294	69	0.7057	75.5	0.6836	82	0.6628	88.5	0.6432	95	0.6247
56.1	0.7543	62.6	0.729	69.1	0.7054	75.6	0.6832	82.1	0.6625	88.6	0.6429	95.1	0.6244
56.2	0.7539	62.7	0.7286	69.2	0.705	75.7	0.6829	82.2	0.6621	88.7	0.6426	95.2	0.6242
56.3	0.7535	62.8	0.7283	69.3	0.7047	75.8	0.6826	82.3	0.6618	88.8	0.6423	95.3	0.6239
56.4	0.7531	62.9	0.7279	69.4	0.7043	75.9	0.6823	82.4	0.6615	88.9	0.642	95.4	0.6236

Tbl. 2.D.2

ANSI/HI 9.6.7 Rotodynamic Pumps Guideline for Effects of Liquid Viscosity on Performance

Learn the calculation methods to adjust the tested flow, head, efficiency and power on water to the viscosity the pump will be handling. Additionally, learn how NPSHR will be affected and considerations for starting torque.

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Temperature-Volume Relation for Oil

(Fig. 2.D.1)

Specific Gravities vs. Degrees Baumé

Calculated from the formula, specific gravity 60°/60° F = 140 / (130 + Deg. Bé)

Spec. Gravities at 60°/60° F. Corresp. to Deg. Bé for Liquids Lighter than Water

Degrees Baumé	Specific gravity	Degrees Baumé	Specific gravity	Degrees Baumé	Specific gravity	Degrees Baumé	Specific gravity	Degrees Baumé	Specific gravity	Degrees Baumé	Specific gravity
10	1.0000	25	0.9032	40	0.8235	55	0.7568	70	0.7000	85	0.6512
11	0.9929	26	0.8974	41	0.8187	56	0.7527	71	0.6965	86	0.6481
12	0.9859	27	0.8917	42	0.8140	57	0.7487	72	0.6931	87	0.6452
13	0.9790	28	0.8861	43	0.8092	58	0.7447	73	0.6897	88	0.6422
14	0.9722	29	0.8805	44	0.8046	59	0.7407	74	0.6863	89	0.6393
15	0.9655	30	0.8750	45	0.8000	60	0.7368	75	0.6829	90	0.6364
16	0.9589	31	0.8696	46	0.7955	61	0.7330	76	0.6796	91	0.6335
17	0.9524	32	0.8642	47	0.7910	62	0.7292	77	0.6763	92	0.6306
18	0.9459	33	0.8589	48	0.7865	63	0.7254	78	0.6731	93	0.6278
19	0.9396	34	0.8537	49	0.7821	64	0.7216	79	0.6699	94	0.6250
20	0.9333	35	0.8485	50	0.7778	65	0.7179	80	0.6667	95	0.6222
21	0.9272	36	0.8434	51	0.7735	66	0.7143	81	0.6635	96	0.6195
22	0.9211	37	0.8383	52	0.7692	67	0.7107	82	0.6604	97	0.6167
23	0.9150	38	0.8333	53	0.7650	68	0.7071	83	0.6573	98	0.6140
24	0.9091	39	0.8284	54	0.7609	69	0.7035	84	0.6542	99	0.6114
										100	0.6087

Degrees Baumé	Specific gravity	Degrees Baumé	Specific gravity	Degrees Baumé	Specific gravity	Degrees Baumé	Specific gravity	Degrees Baumé	Specific gravity	Degrees Baumé	Specific gravity
10	1.0000	25	0.9032	40	0.8235	55	0.7568	70	0.7000	85	0.6512
11	0.9929	26	0.8974	41	0.8187	56	0.7527	71	0.6965	86	0.6481
12	0.9859	27	0.8917	42	0.8140	57	0.7487	72	0.6931	87	0.6452
13	0.9790	28	0.8861	43	0.8092	58	0.7447	73	0.6897	88	0.6422
14	0.9722	29	0.8805	44	0.8046	59	0.7407	74	0.6863	89	0.6393
15	0.9655	30	0.8750	45	0.8000	60	0.7368	75	0.6829	90	0.6364
16	0.9589	31	0.8696	46	0.7955	61	0.7330	76	0.6796	91	0.6335
17	0.9524	32	0.8642	47	0.7910	62	0.7292	77	0.6763	92	0.6306
18	0.9459	33	0.8589	48	0.7865	63	0.7254	78	0.6731	93	0.6278
19	0.9396	34	0.8537	49	0.7821	64	0.7216	79	0.6699	94	0.6250
20	0.9333	35	0.8485	50	0.7778	65	0.7179	80	0.6667	95	0.6222
21	0.9272	36	0.8434	51	0.7735	66	0.7143	81	0.6635	96	0.6195
22	0.9211	37	0.8383	52	0.7692	67	0.7107	82	0.6604	97	0.6167
23	0.9150	38	0.8333	53	0.7650	68	0.7071	83	0.6573	98	0.6140
24	0.9091	39	0.8284	54	0.7609	69	0.7035	84	0.6542	99	0.6114
										100	0.6087

Tbl. 2.D.3

Calculated from the formula, specific gravity 60°/60° F = 145 / (145 - Deg. Bé)

Spec. Gravities at 60°/60° F. Corresp. to Deg. Bé for Liquids Heavier than Water

Degrees Baumé	Specific gravity	Degrees Baumé	Specific gravity	Degrees Baumé	Specific gravity	Degrees Baumé	Specific gravity	Degrees Baumé	Specific gravity	Degrees Baumé	Specific gravity
0	1.0000	12	1.0902	24	1.1983	36	1.3303	48	1.4948	60	1.7059
1	1.0069	13	1.0985	25	1.2083	37	1.3426	49	1.5104	61	1.7262
2	1.0140	14	1.1069	26	1.2185	38	1.3551	50	1.5263	62	1.7470
3	1.0211	15	1.1154	27	1.2288	39	1.3679	51	1.5426	63	1.7683
4	1.0284	16	1.1240	28	1.2393	40	1.3810	52	1.5591	64	1.7901
5	1.0357	17	1.1328	29	1.2500	41	1.3942	53	1.5761	65	1.8125
6	1.0432	18	1.1417	30	1.2609	42	1.4078	54	1.5934	66	1.8354
7	1.0507	19	1.1508	31	1.2719	43	1.4216	55	1.6111	67	1.8590
8	1.0584	20	1.1600	32	1.2832	44	1.4356	56	1.6292	68	1.8831
9	1.0662	21	1.1694	33	1.2946	45	1.4500	57	1.6477	69	1.9079
10	1.0741	22	1.1789	34	1.3063	46	1.4646	58	1.6667	70	1.9333
11	1.0821	23	1.1885	35	1.3182	47	1.4796	59	1.6860

Degrees Baumé	Specific gravity	Degrees Baumé	Specific gravity	Degrees Baumé	Specific gravity	Degrees Baumé	Specific gravity	Degrees Baumé	Specific gravity	Degrees Baumé	Specific gravity
0	1.0000	12	1.0902	24	1.1983	36	1.3303	48	1.4948	60	1.7059
1	1.0069	13	1.0985	25	1.2083	37	1.3426	49	1.5104	61	1.7262
2	1.0140	14	1.1069	26	1.2185	38	1.3551	50	1.5263	62	1.7470
3	1.0211	15	1.1154	27	1.2288	39	1.3679	51	1.5426	63	1.7683
4	1.0284	16	1.1240	28	1.2393	40	1.3810	52	1.5591	64	1.7901
5	1.0357	17	1.1328	29	1.2500	41	1.3942	53	1.5761	65	1.8125
6	1.0432	18	1.1417	30	1.2609	42	1.4078	54	1.5934	66	1.8354
7	1.0507	19	1.1508	31	1.2719	43	1.4216	55	1.6111	67	1.8590
8	1.0584	20	1.1600	32	1.2832	44	1.4356	56	1.6292	68	1.8831
9	1.0662	21	1.1694	33	1.2946	45	1.4500	57	1.6477	69	1.9079
10	1.0741	22	1.1789	34	1.3063	46	1.4646	58	1.6667	70	1.9333
11	1.0821	23	1.1885	35	1.3182	47	1.4796	59	1.6860

Tbl. 2.D.5

Brix Viscosities of Sucrose Solutions at Various Temperatures

Degree Brix is the measure of concentration of sugar in aqueous solution. Degree Brix is the percentage of sucrose by weight in aqueous solution. One-Degree Brix equals 1 gram of sugar into 100 grams of sugar solution. The Degree Brix can be represented in symbolic way as °Bx. This designation of Degree Brix is only valid for pure sucrose solutions. If the solution contains dissolved solids other than pure sucrose, then the °Bx only approximates the dissolved solid content.

Sucrose is common sugar. It is a disaccharide, a molecule composed of two monosaccharides: glucose and fructose. Sucrose is produced naturally in plants, from which table sugar is refined. It has molecular formula C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁. For human consumption, sucrose is extracted from sugarcane or sugar beet.

The measurement of sugar solution i.e. Degree Brix is required in many food processing industries including sugar production, fruit juice processing, soft drink production and many other food processing areas where sweeteners are involved.

Relation of Viscosity of Aqueous Sucrose Solution with Temperature and Degree Brix

The Degree Brix is a concentration of sucrose into aqueous solution. However, the relation between Degree Brix, temperature, specific gravity and viscosity is established [1]. Based on this circular, the graphs of viscosity in centipoise versus temperature and Degree Brix are established. From the graphical representation. it is easier to understand the behavior of sucrose solution against temperature and value of Degree Brix. The exact value of viscosity can be found by interpolating the adjacent graphs of Degree Brix with respect to temperature.

Viscosity is inversely proportional to temperature and directly proportional to Degree Brix. From the graph, it can be observed that as the temperature increases keeping Brix value constant, the corresponding viscosity value is decreasing. On other hand keeping temperature constant, the viscosity increases as Degree Brix increases.

Measurement of Brix

One traditional method to measure the °Brix is by constant weight hydrometer. The constant weight hydrometer works on the law of buoyancy. The hydrometer is floated in a fluid and the density (specific gravity) of the fluid is determined by the fluid level on the scale of the stem. A hydrometer measures the density of the solution to determine the °Brix.

Coriolis Brix principle: The Coriolis meter’s density measurement works on the principle that the period of oscillation of the flow tubes. Performing the same primary measurement as hydrometer, the Coriolis meter determines the °Brix as a function of the specific gravity of the solution.

Charts

The following charts represent the value of viscosity of sucrose solution in centipoise (cP) at various temperature for various Brix values.
[1] All the values are taken from National Bureau of Standards Circular 440 issued on July 31, 1958 United States Department of Commerce by considering viscosity of water at 20°C is 0.010020 poise.
On the X-axis temperature is plotted in °C whereas on Y-axis viscosity of sucrose in aqueous solution is plotted in centipoise (cP) and the graph is plotted for various degree Brix values ranging from 20° Brix to 75° Brix.
The below graphs represent the exponentially decreasing nature.
From the graph it can be seen that, viscosity is directly proportional to degrees of Brix value, and it is inversely proportional to the temperature.

(Fig. 2.D.2)

(Fig. 2.D.3)

(Fig. 2.D.4)

(Fig. 2.D.5)

(Fig. 2.D.6)

(Fig. 2.D.7)

Sealless Rotodynamic Pumps for Nomenclature, Definitions, Application, Operation, and Test

ANSI/HI 5.1-5.6 offers a basic educational overview on sealless rotodynamic pumps including design and application considerations related to the selection of the right pump for a specific industry use, pump operating and maintenance procedures as well as different types of tests that can be conducted on pumps to ensure their performance.

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Vapor Pressure of Liquid H₂ [2]

Data Points

Temperature (R)	Pressure (psia)
26.0	1.4000
27.0	1.8710
28.0	2.4530
29.0	3.1630
30.0	4.0180
31.0	5.0330
32.0	6.2270
33.0	7.6180
34.0	9.2250
35.0	11.065
36.0	13.157
37.0	15.522
38.0	18.177
39.0	21.143
40.0	24.438
41.0	28.083
42.0	32.098
43.0	36.501
44.0	41.314
45.0	46.557
46.0	52.250
47.0	58.414
48.0	65.072
49.0	72.244
50.0	79.953
51.0	88.223
52.0	97.079
53.0	106.55
54.0	116.66
55.0	127.44
56.0	138.93
57.0	151.18
58.0	164.24
59.0	178.21

Temperature (K)	Pressure (MPa)
14.0	0.0075
14.5	0.0099
15.0	0.0129
15.5	0.0165
16.0	0.0208
16.5	0.0258
17.0	0.0318
17.5	0.0387
18.0	0.0466
18.5	0.0557
19.0	0.0660
19.5	0.0777
20.0	0.0907
20.5	0.1053
21.0	0.1215
21.5	0.1394
22.0	0.1591
22.5	0.1808
23.0	0.2044
23.5	0.2301
24.0	0.2581
24.5	0.2883
25.0	0.3210
25.5	0.3562
26.0	0.3940
26.5	0.4345
27.0	0.4779
27.5	0.5242
28.0	0.5736
28.5	0.6262
29.0	0.6821
29.5	0.7414
30.0	0.8043
30.5	0.8710
31.0	0.9417
31.5	1.0164
32.0	1.0957
32.5	1.1797
33.0	1.2693

Tbl. 2.D.6

Liquid Hydrogen Vapor Pressure Plot

Vapor Pressure of Helium [3]

Data Points

Temperature (R)	Pressure (psia)
4.0	0.7886
4.2	1.0215
4.4	1.2962
4.6	1.6168
4.8	1.9877
5.0	2.4129
5.2	2.8963
5.4	3.4417
5.6	4.0531
5.8	4.7339
6.0	5.4879
6.2	6.3186
6.4	7.2295
6.6	8.2243
6.8	9.3065
7.0	10.480
7.2	11.748
7.4	13.115
7.6	14.584
7.8	16.161
8.0	17.850
8.2	19.657
8.4	21.587
8.6	23.650
8.8	25.854
9.0	28.214
9.2	30.755

Temperature (K)	Pressure (MPa)
2.2	0.0051
2.3	0.0065
2.4	0.0081
2.5	0.0100
2.6	0.0121
2.7	0.0145
2.8	0.0173
2.9	0.0203
3.0	0.0237
3.1	0.0275
3.2	0.0317
3.3	0.0362
3.4	0.0412
3.5	0.0466
3.6	0.0525
3.7	0.0589
3.8	0.0657
3.9	0.0731
4.0	0.0810
4.1	0.0894
4.2	0.0985
4.3	0.1081
4.4	0.1183
4.5	0.1292
4.6	0.1408
4.7	0.1530
4.8	0.1660
4.9	0.1798
5	0.1945
5.1	0.2102

Tbl. 2.D.7

Helium Vapor Pressure Plot

References

Last updated on July 19th, 2024

Properties of Other Fluids

Degrees A.P.I. vs. Specific Gravity for Oil

Degrees A.P.I. vs. Specific Gravity

Temperature-Volume Relation for Oil

Specific Gravities vs. Degrees Baumé

Spec. Gravities at 60°/60° F. Corresp. to Deg. Bé for Liquids Lighter than Water

Spec. Gravities at 60°/60° F. Corresp. to Deg. Bé for Liquids Heavier than Water

Brix Viscosities of Sucrose Solutions at Various Temperatures

Relation of Viscosity of Aqueous Sucrose Solution with Temperature and Degree Brix

Measurement of Brix

Charts

Vapor Pressure of Liquid H2 [2]

Data Points

Vapor Pressure of Helium [3]

Data Points

References

Related topics

Vapor Pressure of Liquid H₂ [2]