Frictional Losses in Nozzles

Losses in Nozzles

The actual discharge from nozzles will vary from 90% to 95% of the theoretical discharge.

(Eq. 3.D.1) $$ Q = 19.636·C·{d_1}^2·\sqrt {h} $$

Where:

Q = Flow rate in gallons per minute
d₁ = Nozzle Diameter in inches
h = Head in feet
C = Discharge Coefficient = 1

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Theoretical Discharge of Nozzles in Gallons per Minute

Head		Nozzle velocity	GPM
			Nozzle Diameter (inches)
(psi)	(ft)	(ft/s)	1/16	1/8	3/16	1/4	3/8	1/2	5/8	3/4	7/8	1	1 1/8	1 1/4	1 3/8	1 1/2	1 3/4	2	2 1/4	2 1/2	2 3/4	3	3 1/2	4	4 1/2	5	5 1/2	6
10	23.1	38.6	0.37	1.48	3.32	5.91	13.3	23.6	36.9	53	72	94	119	147	178	212	289	378	478	590	714	849	1156	1510	1911	2359	2855	3398
15	34.7	47.2	0.45	1.81	4.06	7.24	16.3	28.9	45.2	65	88	116	146	181	219	260	354	462	585	722	874	1040	1416	1849	2341	2890	3496	4161
20	46.2	54.5	0.52	2.09	4.69	8.35	18.8	33.4	52.1	75	102	133	169	209	252	300	409	534	676	834	1009	1201	1635	2135	2703	3337	4037	4805
25	57.8	61	0.58	2.34	5.25	9.34	21	37.3	58.3	84	114	149	189	233	282	336	457	597	755	933	1128	1343	1828	2388	3022	3731	4514	5372
30	69.3	66.8	0.64	2.56	5.75	10.2	23	40.9	63.9	92	125	163	207	255	309	368	501	654	828	1022	1236	1471	2002	2615	3310	4087	4945	5885
35	80.9	72.2	0.69	2.77	6.21	11.1	24.8	44.1	69	99	135	177	223	276	334	397	541	706	894	1104	1335	1589	2163	2825	3575	4414	5341	6356
40	92.4	77.1	0.74	2.96	6.64	11.8	26.5	47.2	73.7	106	145	189	239	295	357	425	578	755	956	1180	1427	1699	2312	3020	3822	4719	5710	6795
45	104	81.8	0.78	3.13	7.03	12.5	28.2	50.1	78.2	113	153	200	253	313	379	450	613	801	1014	1251	1514	1802	2452	3203	4054	5005	6056	7207
50	116	86.2	0.83	3.3	7.41	13.2	29.7	52.8	82.4	119	162	211	267	330	399	475	646	844	1068	1319	1596	1899	2585	3376	4273	5276	6384	7597
55	127	90.5	0.87	3.46	7.77	13.8	31.1	55.3	86.5	124	169	221	280	346	418	498	678	885	1120	1383	1674	1992	2711	3541	4482	5533	6695	7968
60	139	94.5	0.9	3.62	8.12	14.4	32.5	57.8	90.3	130	177	231	293	361	437	520	708	925	1170	1445	1748	2081	2832	3699	4681	5779	6993	8322
65	150	98.3	0.94	3.77	8.45	15.1	33.8	60.2	94	135	184	241	305	376	455	541	737	962	1218	1504	1820	2166	2947	3850	4872	6015	7278	8662
70	162	102	0.98	3.91	8.78	15.7	35.1	62.4	97.5	140	191	250	316	390	472	562	765	999	1264	1561	1888	2247	3059	3995	5056	6242	7553	8989
75	173	105.6	1.01	4.05	9.08	16.2	36.3	64.6	101	145	198	258	327	404	489	582	792	1034	1308	1615	1955	2326	3166	4135	5234	6461	7818	9304
80	185	109.1	1.05	4.18	9.39	16.7	37.5	66.7	104	150	204	267	338	417	505	601	817	1068	1351	1668	2019	2402	3270	4271	5405	6673	8075	9610
85	196	112.4	1.08	4.31	9.57	17.3	38.7	68.8	108	155	211	275	348	430	520	619	843	1101	1393	1720	2081	2476	3371	4402	5572	6879	8323	9905
90	208	115.7	1.11	4.43	10	17.7	39.8	70.8	111	159	217	283	358	442	535	637	867	1133	1433	1770	2141	2548	3468	4530	5733	7078	8565	10193
95	219	118.9	1.14	4.56	10.2	18.2	40.9	72.7	114	164	223	291	368	455	550	654	891	1164	1473	1818	2200	2618	3563	4654	5890	7272	8799	10472
100	231	122	1.17	4.67	10.5	18.7	42	74.6	117	168	228	298	378	466	564	671	914	1194	1511	1865	2257	2686	3656	4775	6043	7461	9028	10744
105	243	125	1.2	4.79	10.8	19.2	43	76.5	120	172	234	306	387	478	578	688	937	1223	1548	1911	2313	2752	3746	4893	6193	7645	9251	11009
110	254	127.9	1.23	4.9	11	19.6	44	78.3	122	176	240	313	396	489	592	704	959	1252	1585	1956	2367	2817	3834	5008	6338	7825	9468	11268
115	266	130.8	1.25	5.01	11.2	20	45	80	125	180	245	320	405	500	605	720	980	1280	1620	2000	2420	2880	3921	5121	6481	8001	9681	11522
120	277	133.6	1.28	5.12	11.5	20.5	46	81.7	128	184	250	327	414	511	618	736	1001	1308	1655	2043	2472	2942	4005	5231	6620	8173	9890	11769
125	289	136.4	1.31	5.22	11.7	20.9	46.9	83.4	130	188	255	334	422	521	631	751	1022	1335	1689	2085	2523	3003	4087	5339	6757	8342	10093	12012
130	300	139.1	1.33	5.33	12	21.3	47.9	85.1	133	191	261	340	431	532	643	766	1042	1361	1723	2127	2573	3062	4168	5444	6891	8507	10293	12250
135	312	141.7	1.36	5.43	12.2	21.7	48.8	86.7	136	195	265	347	439	542	656	780	1062	1387	1755	2167	2622	3121	4248	5548	7022	8669	10489	12483
140	323	144.3	1.38	5.53	12.4	22.1	49.7	88.3	138	199	270	353	447	552	668	795	1081	1412	1788	2207	2670	3178	4326	5650	7151	8828	10682	12712
145	335	146.9	1.41	5.62	12.6	22.5	50.5	89.8	140	202	275	359	455	562	679	809	1101	1437	1819	2246	2718	3234	4402	5750	7277	8984	10871	12937
150	347	149.4	1.43	5.72	12.9	22.9	51.4	91.4	143	206	280	366	463	571	691	822	1119	1462	1850	2284	2764	3290	4478	5848	7402	9138	11057	13159
175	404	161.3	1.55	6.18	13.9	24.7	55.5	98.7	154	222	302	395	500	617	746	888	1209	1579	1999	2468	2986	3553	4836	6317	7995	9870	11943	14213
200	462	172.5	1.65	6.61	14.8	26.4	59.4	106	165	237	323	422	534	659	798	950	1293	1688	2137	2638	3192	3799	5170	6753	8547	10551	12767	15194
250	578	192.8	1.85	7.39	16.6	29.6	66.4	118	184	265	361	472	597	737	892	1062	1445	1888	2389	2949	3569	4247	5780	7550	9556	11797	14274	16988
300	693	211.3	2.02	8.08	18.2	32.4	72.7	129	202	291	396	517	654	808	977	1163	1583	2068	2617	3231	3909	4652	6332	8271	10468	12923	15637	18609

Head		Nozzle velocity	GPM
			Nozzle Diameter (inches)
(psi)	(ft)	(ft/s)	1/16	1/8	3/16	1/4	3/8	1/2	5/8	3/4	7/8	1	1 1/8	1 1/4	1 3/8	1 1/2	1 3/4	2	2 1/4	2 1/2	2 3/4	3	3 1/2	4	4 1/2	5	5 1/2	6
10	23.1	38.6	0.37	1.48	3.32	5.91	13.3	23.6	36.9	53	72	94	119	147	178	212	289	378	478	590	714	849	1156	1510	1911	2359	2855	3398
15	34.7	47.2	0.45	1.81	4.06	7.24	16.3	28.9	45.2	65	88	116	146	181	219	260	354	462	585	722	874	1040	1416	1849	2341	2890	3496	4161
20	46.2	54.5	0.52	2.09	4.69	8.35	18.8	33.4	52.1	75	102	133	169	209	252	300	409	534	676	834	1009	1201	1635	2135	2703	3337	4037	4805
25	57.8	61	0.58	2.34	5.25	9.34	21	37.3	58.3	84	114	149	189	233	282	336	457	597	755	933	1128	1343	1828	2388	3022	3731	4514	5372
30	69.3	66.8	0.64	2.56	5.75	10.2	23	40.9	63.9	92	125	163	207	255	309	368	501	654	828	1022	1236	1471	2002	2615	3310	4087	4945	5885
35	80.9	72.2	0.69	2.77	6.21	11.1	24.8	44.1	69	99	135	177	223	276	334	397	541	706	894	1104	1335	1589	2163	2825	3575	4414	5341	6356
40	92.4	77.1	0.74	2.96	6.64	11.8	26.5	47.2	73.7	106	145	189	239	295	357	425	578	755	956	1180	1427	1699	2312	3020	3822	4719	5710	6795
45	104	81.8	0.78	3.13	7.03	12.5	28.2	50.1	78.2	113	153	200	253	313	379	450	613	801	1014	1251	1514	1802	2452	3203	4054	5005	6056	7207
50	116	86.2	0.83	3.3	7.41	13.2	29.7	52.8	82.4	119	162	211	267	330	399	475	646	844	1068	1319	1596	1899	2585	3376	4273	5276	6384	7597
55	127	90.5	0.87	3.46	7.77	13.8	31.1	55.3	86.5	124	169	221	280	346	418	498	678	885	1120	1383	1674	1992	2711	3541	4482	5533	6695	7968
60	139	94.5	0.9	3.62	8.12	14.4	32.5	57.8	90.3	130	177	231	293	361	437	520	708	925	1170	1445	1748	2081	2832	3699	4681	5779	6993	8322
65	150	98.3	0.94	3.77	8.45	15.1	33.8	60.2	94	135	184	241	305	376	455	541	737	962	1218	1504	1820	2166	2947	3850	4872	6015	7278	8662
70	162	102	0.98	3.91	8.78	15.7	35.1	62.4	97.5	140	191	250	316	390	472	562	765	999	1264	1561	1888	2247	3059	3995	5056	6242	7553	8989
75	173	105.6	1.01	4.05	9.08	16.2	36.3	64.6	101	145	198	258	327	404	489	582	792	1034	1308	1615	1955	2326	3166	4135	5234	6461	7818	9304
80	185	109.1	1.05	4.18	9.39	16.7	37.5	66.7	104	150	204	267	338	417	505	601	817	1068	1351	1668	2019	2402	3270	4271	5405	6673	8075	9610
85	196	112.4	1.08	4.31	9.57	17.3	38.7	68.8	108	155	211	275	348	430	520	619	843	1101	1393	1720	2081	2476	3371	4402	5572	6879	8323	9905
90	208	115.7	1.11	4.43	10	17.7	39.8	70.8	111	159	217	283	358	442	535	637	867	1133	1433	1770	2141	2548	3468	4530	5733	7078	8565	10193
95	219	118.9	1.14	4.56	10.2	18.2	40.9	72.7	114	164	223	291	368	455	550	654	891	1164	1473	1818	2200	2618	3563	4654	5890	7272	8799	10472
100	231	122	1.17	4.67	10.5	18.7	42	74.6	117	168	228	298	378	466	564	671	914	1194	1511	1865	2257	2686	3656	4775	6043	7461	9028	10744
105	243	125	1.2	4.79	10.8	19.2	43	76.5	120	172	234	306	387	478	578	688	937	1223	1548	1911	2313	2752	3746	4893	6193	7645	9251	11009
110	254	127.9	1.23	4.9	11	19.6	44	78.3	122	176	240	313	396	489	592	704	959	1252	1585	1956	2367	2817	3834	5008	6338	7825	9468	11268
115	266	130.8	1.25	5.01	11.2	20	45	80	125	180	245	320	405	500	605	720	980	1280	1620	2000	2420	2880	3921	5121	6481	8001	9681	11522
120	277	133.6	1.28	5.12	11.5	20.5	46	81.7	128	184	250	327	414	511	618	736	1001	1308	1655	2043	2472	2942	4005	5231	6620	8173	9890	11769
125	289	136.4	1.31	5.22	11.7	20.9	46.9	83.4	130	188	255	334	422	521	631	751	1022	1335	1689	2085	2523	3003	4087	5339	6757	8342	10093	12012
130	300	139.1	1.33	5.33	12	21.3	47.9	85.1	133	191	261	340	431	532	643	766	1042	1361	1723	2127	2573	3062	4168	5444	6891	8507	10293	12250
135	312	141.7	1.36	5.43	12.2	21.7	48.8	86.7	136	195	265	347	439	542	656	780	1062	1387	1755	2167	2622	3121	4248	5548	7022	8669	10489	12483
140	323	144.3	1.38	5.53	12.4	22.1	49.7	88.3	138	199	270	353	447	552	668	795	1081	1412	1788	2207	2670	3178	4326	5650	7151	8828	10682	12712
145	335	146.9	1.41	5.62	12.6	22.5	50.5	89.8	140	202	275	359	455	562	679	809	1101	1437	1819	2246	2718	3234	4402	5750	7277	8984	10871	12937
150	347	149.4	1.43	5.72	12.9	22.9	51.4	91.4	143	206	280	366	463	571	691	822	1119	1462	1850	2284	2764	3290	4478	5848	7402	9138	11057	13159
175	404	161.3	1.55	6.18	13.9	24.7	55.5	98.7	154	222	302	395	500	617	746	888	1209	1579	1999	2468	2986	3553	4836	6317	7995	9870	11943	14213
200	462	172.5	1.65	6.61	14.8	26.4	59.4	106	165	237	323	422	534	659	798	950	1293	1688	2137	2638	3192	3799	5170	6753	8547	10551	12767	15194
250	578	192.8	1.85	7.39	16.6	29.6	66.4	118	184	265	361	472	597	737	892	1062	1445	1888	2389	2949	3569	4247	5780	7550	9556	11797	14274	16988
300	693	211.3	2.02	8.08	18.2	32.4	72.7	129	202	291	396	517	654	808	977	1163	1583	2068	2617	3231	3909	4652	6332	8271	10468	12923	15637	18609

Tbl. 3.D.1

For hydraulic sluicing the following pressures at base of nozzles are recommended:

Light fine material and loose sandy soil: 50 to 75 psig

Stiff loam overburden: 100 to 125 psig

Hard clay: 150 to 200 psig

The following amounts of water are recommended to move 1 cubic foot:

Heavy sand: 20 cubic feet of water

Average quarry overburden: 8 to 10 cubic feet of water

For sprinkling golf courses it is reasonably safe to figure 10 gallons per minute for each Green with 35 PSIA at hose valve outlet and 25 gallons per minute for each Fairway with 35 PSIA at hose valve outlet. The standard conditions are 100 feet of ¾ inch hose for greens sprinklers and 100 feet of 1 inch hose for fairway sprinklers. Use gate valves with a hose nipple at all outlets instead of the customary hose faucets on account of the friction loss in the hose faucets.

Last updated on July 19th, 2024

Losses in Nozzles

Theoretical Discharge of Nozzles in Gallons per Minute

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